Stress at work

According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), stress is defined as the 'adverse reaction people have to excessive pressures or other types of demand placed on them'. It notes six main areas which can contribute to work related stress if they are not managed properly:

• demands - employees can become overloaded with work

• control - if staff feel they have no control over their work, this can lead to poor performance and stress

• support - managers should be available for their members of staff and provide them with sufficient support to avoid them becoming stressed

• relationships - poor relationships between colleagues can lead to bullying and other grievances

• role - employees should understand how their role fits into the bigger picture, or they may start to may feel anxiety about job security

• change - any type of change can lead to uncertainty and insecurity, so it must be correctly managed

Under the law, all employers have a legal duty to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of employees are protected. This includes protecting them from unnecessary workplace stress which affects their mental health.

Therefore employers must conduct a health risk assessment, to identify any potential causative factors of undue stress. Furthermore, all employers with at least five employees must have a written Health and safety policy in place.

Stress is not automatically counted as a disability under the Equality Act. Under this legislation, a disability:

• is a physical or mental impairment

• has an adverse effect on the ability of an employee to carry out normal day-to-day activities

• has a substantial adverse effect

• has a long term adverse effect

In practice, stress is more likely to contribute to mental illness which could be counted as a disability, rather than be seen as a disability in itself. Employers must make reasonable adjustments to take account of any disability, whether or not it has been caused by stress (eg they might need to take steps to reduce exposure to workplace stress which could exacerbate the disability). A reasonable adjustment can be anything from a slight change or alteration to the employment contract or working environment to installing new features or changing more physical elements of the job.

Furthermore, dismissal on grounds of the disability (whether or not it was caused by stress) can amount to disability discrimination and unfair dismissal.

It is important to never make assumptions however, signs that an employee may be suffering from workplace stress include:

• changes in behaviour, mood or colleague interactions

• changes in work standards

• changes in focus

• appearing tired, anxious or withdrawn and a reduced interest in tasks that were previously enjoyed

• increases in absences and/or being late to work

• changes in appetite and/or increases in smoking and drinking alcohol

It may be difficult to approach an employee who may be experiencing workplace stress, but it is important to attempt to resolve any issues at an early stage. A manager who believes an employee to be experiencing workplace stress should arrange a meeting to discuss the matters in private.

Similarly, employers should encourage employees to talk to their managers if they think that they are becoming unwell.

All employers should carry out a health risk assessment, and consider potential exposure to stress in the workplace as one of the risks.

For further information, read Risk assessments at work and create your Health and safety policy.

Employees who have previously suffered from workplace stress can be encouraged to develop a Wellness Action Plan. This can be used to identify:

• triggers, symptoms and early warning signs

• how workplace stress may impact performance

• what support they need from their employer

It is important to identify what aspects of a workplace may be causing stress. As a starting point, employers should gather information on staff turnover, sickness absence and performance. Employees can also be involved, through meetings or surveys, as they will know what needs improving.

There is no set amount of time for which employees can be signed off work with stress. This will ultimately come down to the discretion of the employer, in light of the specific circumstances. It will also depend on any diagnosis by a GP.

For further information, read Managing sickness absence. 

Employees who suffer from stress due to an incident at work - or a pattern of behaviour - such as bullying or unsafe working conditions, can lodge a grievance if the situation is not properly addressed by their line manager. If their complaint is not taken seriously, they may potentially be able to resign and claim constructive dismissal.

Another possibility for employees is to make a request for flexible working, which may help reduce levels of stress. For further information, read Flexible working.

Employers may ultimately decide to dismiss an employee who is unable to work due to stress - and they can legitimately do so if the stress is either not medically diagnosed (in which case any associated workplace absence could be treated as misconduct) or if it has not been caused during the course of employment. However, the employer should consider reasonable adjustments to help the employee back into work if there are underlying issues with stress in the workplace.

Any adjustment should only be made after a discussion and an agreement between the manager and the employee regarding what would be helpful. An agreed upon adjustment should be recorded and monitored regularly to ensure that it is providing the required support. Even after an employee is able to resume their normal work arrangements, their manager should continue to monitor their health to offer support where necessary.